Hammer Toe Surgical Treatment

A hammer toe is a deformity of the toes. The toes can curl under or to the side.

To treat a hammer toe contracture surgically will have the most successful results if performed by an experienced surgeon.

Dr. Gennady Kolodenker performs hammer toe surgery in orange county california. 

There are different surgical options when it comes to hammer toes.

Do you want pins sticking out of your toes vs internal metal that stays in forever vs. no hardware at all.

The advantage of hardware is that it keeps the toe from drifting over during the healing process.

Pins are taken out in the office and as much as you think this hurts, It does not. A little uncomfortable, but tolerable.

Internal hardware for hammer toe surgery will stay in unless for some reason it bothers the patient. This hardware is very difficult to remove once the bones have fused together.

Hammer toe surgery is usually very successful and majority of patients are very pleased with the outcome.

Cosmetic hammer toe surgery is not advised. I would recommend considering surgery on the hammer toe only if there is pain.

My plastic surgical technique for hammer toe surgery places the incision to heal naturally and make it look like it is part of normal skin lines.

For more questions contact Dr. Kolodenker in Southern California.

Subtalar Joint Coalition Treatment in Orange County

Dr. Gennady Kolodenker explains the different types of Subtalar Joint (STJ) Coalition.

Sometimes also referred to as talo-calcaneal joint coalition.

Dr. Gennady Kolodenker is a Foot and Ankle Podiatry Surgical Specialist in Orange County.

The Subtalar joint is made up of 3 different parts. Anterior, Posterior and Middle.

The joint parts are called facets.

The Middle Facet of the STJ is the most common one to form a coalition.

Coalition can be Fibrous or Osseous.

A fibrous coalition means that there is a scar between the two bones where there should normally be normal cartilage.

An osseous coalition means that the two bones are stuck together by in-growth of bone.

Treatment depends on the patient age, pain level, and amount of arthritis.

Diagnosis starts with a physical exam and an X-ray. An MRI or a CT scan might also be needed.

For a consult on treatment of STJ Coalition in Orange County or Southern California please contact 
Dr. Gennady Kolodenker

Home Stretching Program for Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus)

Home Program for Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus) 

The following is a home exercise program that consists of basic information on club foot and on recommended stretching and strengthening exercises.  The goal is to help regain and maintain the necessary range of motion in your infant’s foot and ankle. Upon discharge from the hospital, it is recommended that you follow-up with a podiatrist or orthopedic surgeon regarding continued treatment who specialize in pediatric clubfoot.   

Range of motion: Recommend completing range of motion exercises at least three times a day.  The goal is to hold each stretch at least 30 seconds however it will depend on the infant’s tolerance.  You may need to slowly move your infant’s foot into these positions in order for increased compliance by your infant.  It also may be easier if you are either holding your infant or someone else can hold them.  

1.) Eversion at the talocalcaneal/subtalar joint  

- Starting position: Lay infant on back. 

 

- Place one hand on the lower leg just above the foot and the other hand around the heel bone. Gently push the heel bone outwards.  You want the foot and lower leg to be in line, do not go past midline with the heel.  Be careful not to overstretch this joint. 

  

          

2.)  Abduction of the talonavicular/calcaneocuboid joints (transverse tarsal joint)

 

- Starting position: Lay infant on back.  

- Place one hand on the heel and the other hand just in front towards the toes.  Gently press the inside of the foot (your hand closest to the toes) outwards.  Do not go past neutral with this stretch.

3.)    Ankle dorsiflexion (Talocrural joint) – only perform if you can achieve neutral alignment of the infant’s foot

- Starting position: Lay child on back.  This should be performed both with the infant’s knee flexed and straightened in order to stretch both the gastroc and soleus muscles. Make sure the foot and ankle are in line. 

- Place one hand on the infant’s lower leg to stabilize and place the other hand on either side of the infant’s foot.  Then gently apply an upward force.  

Alternate handling: Place one hand on your baby's flexed knee.  Grasp your baby's foot with the palm of your other hand placing your index finger above the heel.  Now you can gently flex the ankle up with a gentle downward force on the heel.   

Activation of lateral muscles and dorsiflexors – stroking :

-          Lightly move your finger along the top and outer border of your infant’s foot.  Allow your infant time to activate their muscles between each stroke. 

-          Perform this exercise 10 times.

Weight bearing through the foot and ankle for proprioceptive input :

-          This exercise should only be performed if you can achieve neutral alignment with your infant’s foot.

-          Place your infant either on their side with the foot you want to be weight bearing through on top or on their back.  

-          Provide 10 gentle compressions through your infant’s knee or lower leg. 

        

Please be aware that it is important not to overstretch your infant’s foot and ankle. If you are unsure or have any questions, please ask for assistance.  

Written by: Lynda Kolodenker PT, DPT, CNT

Will my insurance cover custom orthotics?

Custom foot orthotics will be covered by most insurance plans.

There are stipulations for obtaining coverage.

Have you met your deductible?

Some patients have a very high deductible. Let's just say your deductible is $900. Before the insurance will cover one single penny you must first pay out of pocket that $900.

On top of that there are rules about how much they will cover...100%, 80%, 50%?

Some will say you can have orthotics only if you are diabetic.

Some will say you can have orthotics for specific diagnosis. Each diagnosis has a ICD-9 Code
-Plantar Fasciits (728.79)
-Bunion (735.0)
-Hallux Limitus/Rigidus (735.2)
-Metatarsalgia (726.70)
-Norma (355.6)
-Illiotibial Band Syndrome (728.89)
-Knee Pain  (719.46)

How many pairs of orthotics can you have?
Most insurance companies will allow only one pair of orthotic. Sometimes you can get a new pair every year or every 2-3 years.

Best way to find out is call your insurance company. Get the name of the person you talk to along with a reference number. 

Ask them about custom orthotic coverage.

To have custom orthotics made here in Orange County please contact Dr. Gennady Kolodenker.
(949) 651-1202

Sever's Disease or Calcaneal Apophysitis Treatment

Treatment options for Sever's Disease, sometimes called Calcaneal Apophysitis written by Dr. Gennady Kolodenker

History
Most common cause of heel pain in the child athlete. The growth center is not yet closed and becomes irritated with overuse or injury. Symptoms are bilateral in about 50-60% of the time.

Symptoms

Bottom of heel pain
Back of heel pain
Pain after running, soccer, track and field, sprinting

Signs

Swelling of the heel
Tenderness at the back of the heel where the achilles tendon inserts into the calcaneus.
Posterior heel pain
Achilles tendinitis or Plantar Fasciitis are not as common in kids.

Tests

Medial to Lateral compression of the heel will cause pain
Pain at the posterior heel with pressure

Treatment

This is an overuse injury and the goal will be to decrease inflammation and modify activities
Stretching the Achilles tendon will also help
Over the counter or custom orthotics can be made to protect the arch and offload the achilles tendon
Simple over the counter heel lifts (about 1/4'') placed in both shoes can also sometimes work

Differential Diagnosis, Other possible problems

Tumor
Infection
Bone Cyst
Osseous Coalition
Leukemia
Juvenile Arthritis
Reiter's

Please contact our Foot and Ankle Sports Medicine and Surgery Clinic in Orange County for further evaluation or questions.

Clinical Policy Bulletin: Cold Laser and High-Power Laser Therapies

The following information has been taken directly from the Aetna Website

For more questions contact Dr. Gennady Kolodenker

Remove fungus from your shoes with an Ultraviolet light. 

Clinical Policy Bulletin:
Cold Laser and High-Power Laser Therapies

Number: 0363

Policy Aetna considers cold laser therapy (also known as low-level laser therapy or class III laser) and high-power laser therapy (class IV therapeutic laser) experimental and investigational because there is inadequate evidence of the effectiveness of cold laser therapy and high-power laser therapy in pain relief (e.g. acute and chronic low back pain/neck pain), wound healing, or for other indications such as carpal tunnel syndrome, colorectal cancer, lymphedema, musculoskeletal dysfunction, myofascial pain syndrome, neurological dysfunctions, physical therapy, rheumatoid arthritis, shoulder impingement syndrome, and tinnitus. See also CPB 0604 - Infrared Therapy.

BackgroundLow-energy lasers (also known as cold lasers or class III lasers) have been promoted as an effective way to produce analgesia and accelerate healing of a variety of clinical conditions. By definition, low energy laser therapy uses irradiation intensities that induce minimal temperature elevation (not more than 0.1 to 0.5°C), if any.  For practical purposes, this restricts treatment energies to a few J/cm2 and laser powers to 500 mW or less. Despite these constraints, a wide variety of types of lasers, treatment schedules, and techniques have been used.  Consequently, apparently conflicting results from studies of low-intensity lasers may not be in conflict, and may represent fundamental, but poorly understood, differences in treatment approaches. Although the results from large, uncontrolled, open trials of low-energy lasers in inducing wound healing have shown benefit, controlled trials have shown little or no benefit.  The analgesic effects of low-energy lasers have been most intensely studied in rheumatoid arthritis.  Recent well-designed, controlled studies have found no benefit from low- energy lasers in relieving pain in rheumatoid arthritis or other musculoskeletal conditions.  Furthermore, although positive effects were found in some earlier studies, it was not clear that the pain relief achieved was large enough to have either clinical significance or to replace conventional therapies. Published systematic reviews of the evidence have concluded that there is a lack of adequate evidence of effectiveness of cold laser therapy for treatment of chronic wounds (e.g., Schneider and Hailey, 1999; Cullum and Petherick, 2007; Flemming and Cullum, 1999; Samson et al, 2004; Simon et al, 2004; Wang, 2004; Nelson and Jones, 2006), arthritis (Brosseau et al, 2007; Brosseau et al, 2005; Marks and de Palma, 1999; Puett and Griffin, 1994; Wang, 2004), tuberculosis (Vlassov et al, 2006; Ziganshina and Garner, 2005), tinnitus (Waddell, 2004), pain (Gross et al, 1998; van der Heijden et al, 2002; Binder, 2002; Speed, 2006; Green et al, 2003), smoking cessation (White et al, 2006), epicondylitis (Chapell et al, 2002), Achilles tendinitis (McLauchlan et al, 2001), plantar heel pain (Crawford and Thomson, 2003; Landorf and Menz, 2007), back pain (Yousefi-Nooraie et al, 2008), and other musculoskeletal disorders (de Bie et al, 1998; Abdulwadud, 2001; Ohio BWC, 2004; Wang, 2004).  Systematic evidence reviews have also concluded that low-energy laser therapy (e.g., Microlight 830, Microlight Corporation of America, Missouri City, TX) is ineffective in treating carpal tunnel syndrome (Gerritsen et al, 2002; O'Connor et al, 2003; Ohio BWC, 2004; Wang, 2004; CTAF, 2006). A recent study (Hirschl et al, 2004) evaluated the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy in patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon (n = 48).  Laser and sham therapy each were applied 5 days a week for 3 weeks.  The authors found that low-level laser therapy reduced the frequency and severity of Raynaud attacks.  The findings of this study were interesting but need to be validated by further investigation with more patients and follow-up. Kreisler et al (2004) assessed the effect of low-level laser application on post-operative pain after endodontic surgery in a double-blind, randomized clinical study.  A total of 52 healthy adults undergoing endodontic surgery were included into the study.  After suturing, 26 patients had the operation site treated with an 809 nm-GaAlAs-laser at a power output of 50 mW and an irradiation time of 150 seconds.  Laser treatment was simulated in another 26 patients.  Patients were instructed to evaluate their post-operative pain on 7 days following surgery by means of a visual analogue scale.  The results revealed that the pain level in the laser-treated group was lower than in the placebo group throughout the 7 day follow-up period.  The differences, however, were significant only on the first post-operative day.  The authors stated that low-level laser therapy can be beneficial for the reduction of post-operative pain.  However, its clinical effectiveness and applicability with regard to endodontic surgery need further investigation, especially in terms of the optimal energy dosage and the number of laser treatments needed after surgery. In a randomized controlled study, Bingol et al (2005) examined the effect of low-power gallium-arsenide laser treatment on the patients with shoulder pain.  A total of 40 patients with shoulder pain and complied with the selection criteria were included in the study.  They were randomly assigned into 2 groups: (i) laser treatment (n = 20), and (ii) control (n = 20).  In group (i), patients were given laser treatment and an exercise protocol for 10 sessions during a period of 2 weeks.  In group (ii), placebo laser and the same exercise protocol was given for the same period.  Patients were evaluated according to the parameters of pain, palpation sensitivity, algometric sensitivity, and shoulder joint range of motion before and after treatment.  Analysis of measurement results within each group showed a significant post-treatment improvement for some active and passive movements in both groups, and also for algometric sensitivity in group (i) (p < 0.05 to 0.01).  Post-treatment palpation sensitivity values showed improvement in 17 patients (85 %) for group (i) and 6 patients (30 %) for group (ii).  Comparison between 2 groups showed superior results (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) in group (i) for the parameters of passive extension and palpation sensitivity but no significant difference for other parameters.  These researchers concluded that this study have shown better results in palpation sensitivity and passive extension, but no significant improvement in pain, active range of motion, and algometric sensitivity in laser treatment group compared to the control group in the patients with shoulder pain. Markovic and Todorovic (2007) compared the effectiveness of dexamethasone and low-power laser (LPL) after surgical removal of impacted lower third molars under local anesthesia (2 % lidocaine / epinephrine).  A total of 120 healthy patients were divided into 4 groups of 30 each: (i) group 1 received LPL irradiation immediately after operation (energy output 4 J/cm2 with constant power density of 50 mW, wavelength 637 nm); (ii) group 2 also received intra-muscular (i.m.) injection of 4 mg dexamethasone (Dexason) into the internal pterygoid muscle; (iii) group 3 received LPL irradiation supplemented by systemic dexamethasone, 4 mg i.m. in the deltoid region, followed by 4 mg of dexamethasone intra-orally 6 hours post-operatively; and (iv) control group received only the usual post-operative recommendations (i.e., cold packs, soft diet, etc.).  Low-power laser irradiation with local use of dexamethasone (group 2) resulted in a statistically significant reduction of post-operative edema in comparison to the other groups.  No adverse effects of the procedure or medication were observed.  The authors concluded that LPL irradiation after lower third molar surgery can be recommended to minimize swelling.  The effect is enhanced by simultaneous local intra-muscular use of dexamethasone.  The drawbacks of this study were 2-fold: (i) the effects of LPL, if any, was confounded by the simultaneous use of dexamethasone, and (ii) while the combination of LPL and dexamethasone achieved a statistical significant reduction in edema, its clinical benefit is unclear. Stergioulas (2007) compared the effectiveness of a protocol of combination of laser with plyometric exercises and a protocol of placebo laser with the same program, in the treatment of tennis elbow.  A total of 50 patients were randomized into 2 groups: (i) group A (n = 25) was treated with a 904 nm Ga-As laser, frequency 50 Hz, intensity 40 mW and energy density 2.4 J/cm(2), plus plyometric exercises, and (ii) group B (n = 25) that received placebo laser plus the same plyometric exercises.  During 8 weeks of therapy, patients of the 2 groups received 12 sessions of laser or placebo, 2 sessions per week (weeks 1 to 4) and 1 session per week (weeks 5 to 8).  Pain at rest, at palpation on the lateral epicondyle, during resisted wrist extension, middle finger test, and strength testing was evaluated using visual analog scale (VAS).  Also, the grip strength, the range of motion (ROM) and weight test were evaluated.  Parameters were determined before treatment, at the end of the 8th week course of treatment (week 8), and 8th (week 8) after the end of treatment.  Relative to group B, group A had (i) a significant decrease of pain at rest at the end of 8 weeks of the treatment (p < 0.005) and at the end of following up period (p < 0.05), (ii) a significant decrease in pain at palpation and pain on isometric testing at 8 weeks of treatment (p < 0.05), and at 8 weeks follow-up (p < 0.001), (iii) a significant decrease in pain during middle finger test at the end of 8 weeks of treatment (p < 0.01), and at the end of the follow-up period (p < 0.05), (iv) a significant decrease of pain during grip strength testing at 8 weeks of treatment (p < 0.05), and at 8 weeks follow-up (p < 0.001), (v) a significant increase in the wrist ROM at 8 weeks follow-up (p < 0.01), (vi) an increase in grip strength at 8 weeks of treatment (p < 0.05) and at 8 weeks follow-up (p < 0.01), and (vii) a significant increase in weight-test at 8 weeks of treatment (p < 0.05) and at 8 weeks follow-up (p < 0.005).  The authors concluded that these findings suggested that the combination of laser with plyometric exercises was more effective treatment than placebo laser with the same plyometric exercises at the end of the treatment as well as at the follow-up.  Moreover, they stated that future studies are needed to establish the relative and absolute effectiveness of the above protocol. Kaviani and colleagues (2006) examined the effects of low -evel laser therapy (LLLT) in the treatment of post-mastectomy lymphedema.  A total of 11 women with unilateral post-mastectomy lymphedema were enrolled in a double-blind controlled trial.  Patients were randomly assigned to laser and sham groups and received laser or placebo irradiation (Ga-As laser device with a wavelength of 890 nm and fluence of 1.5 J/cm2) over the arm and axillary areas.  Changes in patients' limb circumference, pain score, ROM, heaviness of the affected limb, and desire to continue the treatment were measured before the treatment and at follow-up sessions (weeks 3, 9, 12, 18, and 22) and were compared to pre-treatment values.  Results showed that of the 11 enrolled patients, 8 completed the treatment sessions.  Reduction in limb circumference was detected in both groups, although it was more pronounced in the laser group up to the end of 22nd week.  Desire to continue treatment at each session and baseline score in the laser group was greater than in the sham group in all sessions.  Pain reduction in the laser group was more than in the sham group except for the weeks 3 and 9.  No substantial differences were seen in other 2 parameters between the 2 treatment groups.  The authors concluded that despite the encouraging results, further studies of the effects of LLLT in management of post-mastectomy lymphedema should be undertaken to determine the optimal physiological and physical parameters to obtain the most effective clinical response. In a systematic review of common conservative therapies for arm lymphoedema secondary to breast cancer treatment, Moseley et al (2007) stated that secondary arm lymphoedema is a chronic and distressing condition which affects a significant number of women who undergo breast cancer treatment.  A number of health professional and patient instigated conservative therapies have been developed to help with this condition, but their comparative benefits are not clearly known.  This systematic review undertook a broad investigation of commonly instigated conservative therapies for secondary arm lymphoedema including; complex physical therapy, manual lymphatic drainage, pneumatic pumps, oral pharmaceuticals, LLLT, compression bandaging and garments, limb exercises and limb elevation.  It was found that the more intensive and health professional based therapies, such as complex physical therapy, manual lymphatic drainage, pneumatic pump and laser therapy generally yielded the greater volume reductions, whilst self-instigated therapies such as compression garment wear, exercises and limb elevation yielded smaller reductions.  All conservative therapies produced improvements in subjective arm symptoms and quality of life issues, where these were measured.  Despite the identified benefits, there is still the need for large scale, high level clinical trials in this area. Information on lymphedema from the BC Cancer Agency (2007) notes that laser therapy "may or may not work but need[s] further study." High-power lasers (class IV therapeutic lasers; not to be confused with class IV surgical lasers) have power output of up to 7,500 mW; and supposedly offer more power, deeper penetration (can penetrate up to 10 cm2 instead of 0.5 to 2.0 cm2 for class III lasers) and a larger surface treatment area (cover up to 77 cm2 instead of 0.3 to 5.0 cm2 for class III lasers).  Despite little scientific support, high-power lasers have been employed for various indications including musculoskeletal disorders (e.g., carpal tunnel syndrome and lateral epicondylitis), pain relief, and wound healing.  Plaghki and Mouraux (2005) noted that laser heat stimulators selectively activate Adelta and C-nociceptors in the superficial layers of the skin.  Their high-power output produces steep heating ramps, which improve synchronization of afferent volleys and thus allow the recording of time-locked events (e.g., laser-evoked brain potentials).  Study of the electrical brain activity evoked by Adelta- and C-nociceptor afferent volleys revealed the existence of an extensive, sequentially activated, cortical network.  These electro-physiological responses are modulated by stimulus-driven and, even more extensively, top-down processes.  The specificity and validity of these components for pain research are currently under intense scrutiny. In a systematic review on treatment of pressure ulcers, Reddy and colleagues (2008) concluded that there is little evidence to support routine nutritional supplementation or adjunctive therapies including laser therapy compared with standard care. Carrasco et al (2009) noted that limited studies have demonstrated that LLLT may have a therapeutic effect on the treatment of myofascial pain syndrome (MPS).  In this study, 60 patients with MPS and having 1 active trigger point in the anterior masseter and anterior temporal muscles were selected and assigned randomly to 6 groups (n = 10 in each group): Groups I to Ill were treated with GaAIAS (780 nm) laser, applied in continuous mode and in a meticulous way, twice-weekly, for 4 weeks.  Energy was set to 25 J/cm2, 60 J/cm2 and 105 J/cm2, respectively.  Groups IV to VI were treated with placebo applications, simulating the same parameters as the treated groups.  Pain scores were assessed just before, then immediately after the 4th application, immediately after the 8th application, at 15 days and 1 month following treatment.  A significant pain reduction was observed over time (p < 0.001).  The analgesic effect of the LLLT was similar to the placebo groups.  The authors stated that using the parameters described in this experiment, LLLT was effective in reducing pain experienced by patients with MPS.  Thus, it was not possible to establish a treatment protocol. Yelden and colleagues (2009) examined the effectiveness LLLT in addition to exercise program on shoulder function in subacromial impingement syndrome (SAIS).  A total of 67 patients with SAIS were randomly assigned to either a group that received laser (n = 34) or a group that received placebo laser (n = 26).  Pain, functional assessment, disability and muscle strength of shoulder were assessed before and after a 3-week rehabilitation program.  Besides laser or placebo laser, superficial cold and progressive exercise program were administered to both groups, 5 days a week, for 3 weeks.  A progressive exercise program that was done twice-daily under supervision in clinic and at home was given to the patients.  After the treatment, all outcome measurements had shown significant improvement except muscle strength in both the groups.  When the parameters of the improvement were compared, there were no significant differences between the 2 groups after treatment.  The authors concluded that there is no fundamental difference between LLLT and placebo LLLT when they are supplementing an exercise program for rehabilitation of patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. In a prospective, randomized double-blind study, Teggi et al (2009) examined the effectiveness of LLLT for tinnitus.  A total of 60 outpatients with tinnitus presenting sensorineural hearing loss in the affected ear were included in the study.  They were randomly divided into 2 groups: (i) active laser therapy 20 mins a day for 3 months with a 650-nm, 5-mW soft laser (group L), and (ii) control group with dummy device, which duplicated all aspects of active laser therapy except for the activation of the laser beam.  One subject in both groups dropped out due to an increase in tinnitus loudness.  Two more patients in each group ceased to comply with the protocol due to familiar problems.  Main outcome measure was the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI); no statistical difference was detected between the 2 groups in the THI total score (p = 0.97), and its functional (p = 0.89), emotional (p = 0.89) and catastrophic (p = 0.89) subscales.  Moreover, a VAS for self-perceived loudness of the tinnitus showed no difference between the groups (p = 0.69).  Regarding psychoacoustic parameters, the minimum masking level showed no difference (p = 0.42), while loudness expressed in sensation level exhibited lower values in the treatment group (p = 0.0127).  Subjects in the treatment group also reported a decreased rate of hyper-acusis (p = 0.02).  No changes were detected in the audiometric threshold in both groups.  The authors concluded that soft laser therapy demonstrated no efficacy as a therapeutic measure for tinnitus. A systematic evidence review by Chow et al (2009) concluded that lowLLLT reduced pain immediately after treatment in acute neck pain, and up to 22 weeks after completion of treatment, in patients with chronic neck pain.  The authors included randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs of LLLT, for participants aged 16 or over with acute or chronic neck pain, were eligible for inclusion.  Sixteen RCTs (n = 820 participants) met inclusion criteria, with sample sizes ranging from 20 to 90 participants.  The authors reported significant effects of LLLT on acute and chronic neck pain.  An evaluation of the systematic evidence review by Chow et al by the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (2009) found that, although suitable methods were employed to reduce the risks of reviewer error and bias for the processes of study selection and data extraction, the authors did not report on whether such methods were used to assess study quality, which was assessed using the Jadad scale.  The CRD also found that this did not assess methods of allocation concealment, so the risk on investigator bias affecting trial results could not be ruled out.  Furthermore, no information was provided on the actual levels of withdrawals and drop-outs.  The CRD also found that all trials included in this systematic review had relatively small sample sizes and information was not provided on whether treatment groups (in individual trials) were comparable at baseline for likely confounders.  The CRD noted that the authors of the systematic review acknowledged the considerable clinical heterogeneity in laser treatment parameters, but this also seemed apparent with regard to the sites treated, diagnoses, frequencies of treatment, and uses of cointerventions; it is therefore questionable whether meta-analysis was the most appropriate method of synthesis.  The CRD concluded: "Although many aspects of this review were well-conducted, the considerable clinical heterogeneity seen, coupled with uncertainty regarding possible bias in the small trials included, mean the authors' conclusions should be interpreted with a degree of caution." In a a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Ay and colleagues (2010) compared the effectiveness of LLLT on pain and functional capacity in patients with acute and chronic low back pain caused by lumbar disk herniation (LDH).  A total of 40 patients with acute (26 females/14 males) and 40 patients with chronic (20 females/20 males) low back pain caused by LDH were included in the study.  Patients were randomly allocated into 4 groups: (i) group 1 (acute LDH, n = 20) received hot-pack + laser therapy; (ii) group 2 (chronic LDH, n = 20) received hot-pack + laser therapy; (iii) group 3 (acute LDH, n = 20) received hot-pack + placebo laser therapy, and (iv) group 4 (chronic LDH, n = 20) received hot-pack + placebo laser therapy, for 15 sessions during 3 weeks.  Assessment parameters included pain, patients' global assessment, physician's global assessment, and functional capacity.  Pain was evaluated by VAS.  Patients' and physician's global assessment were also measured with VAS.  Modified Schober test and flexion and lateral flexion measures were used in the evaluation of ROM of lumbar spine.  Roland Disability Questionnaire (RDQ) and Modified Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (MODQ) were used in the functional evaluation.  Measurements were done before and after 3 weeks of treatment.  After the treatment, there were statistically significant improvements in pain severity, patients' and physician's global assessment, ROM, RDQ scores, and MODQ scores in all groups (p < 0.05).  However, no significant differences were detected between 4 treatment groups with respect to all outcome parameters (p > 0.05).  There were no differences between laser and placebo laser treatments on pain severity and functional capacity in patients with acute and chronic low back pain caused by LDH. In a randomized double-blind controlled trial, Meireles and associates (2010) assessed the effectiveness of LLLT on pain reduction and improvement in function in the hands of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.  A total of 82 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were included in this study.  The experimental group was submitted to the application of laser therapy, whereas the control group received a placebo laser.  Aluminum gallium arsenide laser was used, at a wavelength of 785 nm, dose of 3 J/cm(2) and mean power of 70 mW.  The groups were homogenous at the beginning of the study with regard to the main variables (p > 0.05).  There were no statistically significant differences between groups in most of the measurements taken at the end of the intervention including the primary variables; the following variables were the exceptions: favoring the experimental group -- inflammation of the inter-phalangeal joint of the right thumb (p = 0.012) and perimetry of the inter-phalangeal joint of the left thumb (p = 0.013); and favoring the control group -- flexion of the proximal inter-phalangeal joint of the right fifth finger (p = 0.021), perimetry of the third proximal inter-phalangeal joint of the right hand (p = 0.044), grip strength in the left hand (p = 0.010), and the work domain of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire (p = 0.010).  The authors concluded that low-level aluminum gallium arsenide laser therapy is not effective at the wavelength, dosage, and power studied for the treatment of hands among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association Technology Evaluation Center (2010) concluded that LLLT for either carpal tunnel syndrome or for chronic neck pain does not meet the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association Technology Evaluation Center (TEC) criteria.  Furthermore, the Work Loss Data Institute's clinical practice guideline on "Carpal tunnel syndrome" (2011) does not recommend LLLT as a therapeutic option. van Middelkoop et al (2011) determined the effectiveness of physical and rehabilitation interventions (i.e. exercise therapy, back school, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), LLLT, education, massage, behavioral treatment, traction, multi-disciplinary treatment, lumbar supports, and heat/cold therapy) for chronic low back pain (LBP).  The primary search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, and PEDro up to 22 December 2008.  Existing Cochrane reviews for the individual interventions were screened for studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria.  The search strategy outlined by the Cochrane Back Review Groups (CBRG) was followed.  The following were included for selection criteria: (i) RCTs, (ii) adult (greater than or equal to 18 years) population with chronic (greater than or equal to 12 weeks) non-specific LBP, and (iii) evaluation of at least one of the main clinically relevant outcome measures (pain, functional status, perceived recovery, or return to work).  Two reviewers independently selected studies and extracted data on study characteristics, risk of bias, and outcomes at short, intermediate, and long-term follow-up.  The GRADE approach was used to determine the quality of evidence.  In total, 83 RCTs met the inclusion criteria: exercise therapy (n = 37), back school (n = 5), TENS (n = 6), LLLT (n = 3), behavioral treatment (n = 21), patient education (n = 1), traction (n = 1), and multi-disciplinary treatment (n = 6).  Compared to usual care, exercise therapy improved post-treatment pain intensity and disability, and long-term function.  Behavioral treatment was found to be effective in reducing pain intensity at short-term follow-up compared to no treatment/waiting list controls.  Finally, multi-disciplinary treatment was found to reduce pain intensity and disability at short-term follow-up compared to no treatment/waiting list controls.  Overall, the level of evidence was low.  Evidence from RCTs demonstrated that there is low quality evidence for the effectiveness of exercise therapy compared to usual care, there is low evidence for the effectiveness of behavioral therapy compared to no treatment and there is moderate evidence for the effectiveness of a multi-disciplinary treatment compared to no treatment and other active treatments at reducing pain at short-term in the treatment of chronic LBP.  Based on the heterogeneity of the populations, interventions, and comparison groups, the authors concluded that there are insufficient data to draw firm conclusion on the clinical effect of back schools, LLLT, patient education, massage, traction, superficial heat/cold, and lumbar supports for chronic LBP.

CPT Codes / HCPCS Codes / ICD-9 Codes HCPCS codes not covered for indications listed in the CPB: S8948 Application of a modality (requiring constant provider attendance) to one or more areas; low-level laser; each 15 minutes ICD-9 codes not covered for indications listed in the CPB (not all-inclusive): 010.0 - 018.96 Tuberculosis 137.0 - 137.4 Late effects of tuberculosis 153.0 - 154.9 Malignant neoplasm of colon, rectum, rectosigmoid junction and anus 305.1 Tobacco use disorder 330.0 - 337.9 Hereditary and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system 338.0 - 338.4 Pain 388.30 - 388.32 Tinnitus 354.0 Carpal tunnel syndrome 443.0 Raynaud's syndrome 457.0 Postmastectomy lymphedema syndrome 457.1 Other lymphedema 457.2 Lymphangitis 457.8 Other noninfectious disorders of lymphatic channels 457.9 Unspecified noninfectious disorder of lymphatic channels 524.60 - 524.69 Temporomandibular joint disorders 611.71 Mastodynia 625.3 Dysmenorrhea 707.00 - 707.9 Chronic ulcer of skin 710.0 - 739.9 Diseases of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue 757.0 Hereditary edema 870.0 - 897.7 Open wound 998.83 Non-healing surgical wound

The above policy is based on the following references:

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